These are software programs that can work autonomously, sifting through vast amounts of data and only reporting back to a user when action is required.
A good use of such a program would be to help a retail bank detect money laundering or other suspicious activity. A bank produces such huge amounts of data every day that no human would ever be able to look through it in search of patterns. But a program can trawl thorough every transaction (the vast majority of which are uninteresting) to find those that might indicate illegal activity (multiple, rapid-fire transactions between accounts, etc).
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